Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning

Heating Ventilation And Air Conditioning Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) constitutes up to 35 percent of energy used in manufacturing facilities. HVAC stands for heating, ventilation and air conditioning and refers to the equipment, distribution network and terminals used either collectively or individually to provide fresh filtered air, heating, cooling and humidity control in a building. A facility can have any combination of heating and cooling sources to supply the HVAC system. For heating a facility, a gas-or oil-fired boiler or furnace, heat pump, rooftop unit, new technology such as infrared radiation, or electric heat could be employed. Common cooling sources include rooftop units, chillers, heat pumps, air conditioner or some sort of off-peak cooling system. The Basic HVAC Design HVAC systems can vary in design and complexity. Air is taken through an outdoor air intake that is usually a louvered opening on the top or side of the building. Atmospheric pressure pushes the air through a damper, which regulates the amount of outdoor air (OA) taken in by the system. At this point, already conditioned return air (RA) from the system can be mixed with the outdoor air to form mixed air. The mixed air goes through pre-filter where larger dust particles; insects, leaves, etc. are caught. A more efficient filter is usually present to address small particles. After the filters, the air enters a centrifugal fan. Once exiting the fan outlet, the air is under positive pressure and being Pushed towards coils where the air is either heated or cooled, depending on the temperature of the air and the season. Under the coils lies a drain pan to collect any water condensing on the coils. If a humidifier or dehumidifier is needed it is usually incorporated into the cycle at this point. The air travels through ductwork where it reaches a distribution box and may travel through smaller ducts to supply the terminals, registers or diffusers into the workspace. Once the air reaches its destination, it is returned through an air register (usually through a louvered door that opens into a space above the ceiling tiles) in the form of return air that will become mixed air or exit the building. Air Conditioning Air conditioning is treating air for temperature, cleanliness and humidity, and directing its distribution to meet requirements of a conditioned space. Comfort air conditioning is when the primary function of the system is to provide comfort to occupants of the conditioned space. The term industrial air conditioning is used when the primary function is other than comfort. There are three basic types of air conditioners: à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ Direct expansion coolers include window air conditioners, heat pumps and packaged or rooftop units. Air is cooled and dehumidified as it moves past a cold, refrigerant-filled coil. à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ Chilled water systems use water cooled by a refrigeration machine instead of air. This cool water supplies a coil, which cools and dehumidifies the air. à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ Evaporative (or swamp) coolers are usually only appropriate in hot, dry climates and bring hot air in contact with a water spray or damp surface. The result is evaporation of moisture, which lowers the temperature of the air. What is Ventilation Ventilation is a process that either supplies or removes air from a space by natural or mechanical means. All air that is exhausted from a building must be replaced by outside air. Outside air must be brought to a certain temperature by makeup air units used throughout the building. Negative building pressure can be a problem during winter heating season and could lead to a number of other problems such as difficulty in opening doors and equipment operation. Air seeps through gaps around windows, doors and ducts. While designing HVAC systems for energy efficiency-cy, it is also good to take into account the design for human comfort. Good working conditions increase productivity and employee satisfaction. The HVAC design should incorporate: à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ a determination of indoor conditions and how energy use is affected; à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ the impact on equipment selection, ducting and register design; and à ´Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã†â€™ determination whether certain conditions will be acceptable for comfort criterion. Heating, Ventilation and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) Systems The main purposes of a Heating, Ventilation, and Air-Conditioning (HVAC) system are to help maintain good indoor air quality through adequate ventilation with filtration and provide thermal comfort. The choice and design of the HVAC system can also affect many other high performance goals, including water consumption (water cooled air conditioning equipment) and acoustics. Codes and Standards Many state codes also specify minimum energy efficiency requirements, ventilation controls, pipe and duct insulation and sealing, and system sizing, among other factors. In addition, some states and localities have established ventilation and other indoor air quality related requirements that must also be followed. Design in accordance with ASHRAE standards Design systems to provide outdoor air ventilation in accord with ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2007 and thermal comfort in accord with ASHRAE Standard 55-1992 (with 1995 Addenda) Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy Ensure familiarity with, and adherence to, all state and local building codes and standards. Potential for Natural Ventilation and Operable Windows In some parts of the country, where temperature and humidity levels permit, natural ventilation through operable windows can be an effective and energy-efficient way to supplement HVAC systems to provide outside air ventilation, cooling, and thermal comfort when conditions permit (e.g., temperature, humidity, outdoor air pollution levels, precipitation). Windows that open and close can enhance occupants sense of well-being and feeling of control over their environment. They can also provide supplemental exhaust ventilation during renovation activities that may introduce pollutants into the space. However, sealed buildings with appropriately designed and operated HVAC systems can often provide better indoor air quality than a building with operable windows. Uncontrolled ventilation with outdoor air can allow outdoor air contaminants to bypass filters, potentially disrupt the balance of the mechanical ventilation equipment, and permit the introduction of excess moisture if access is not controlled. Strategies using natural ventilation include wind driven cross-ventilation and stack ventilation that employs the difference in air densities to provide air movement across a space. Both types of natural ventilation require careful engineering to ensure convective flows. The proper sizing and placement of openings is critical and the flow of air from entry to exit must not be obstructed (e.g., by closed perimeter rooms). Designers should consider the use of natural ventilation and operable windows to supplement mechanical ventilation. Consider outdoor sources of pollutants (including building exhausts and vehicle traffic) and noise when determining if and where to provide operable windows. If operable windows will be used to supplement the HVAC system, ensure that: openings for outdoor air are located between 3-6 feet from the floor (head height); the windows are adjustable and can close tightly and securely; the windows are placed to take maximum advantage of wind direction, with openings on opposite sides of the building to maximize cross-ventilation. Selection of HVAC Equipment In most parts of the country, climatic conditions require that outdoor air must be heated and cooled to provide acceptable thermal comfort for building occupants, requiring the addition of HVAC systems. The selection of equipment for heating, cooling and ventilating the school building is a complex design decision that must balance a great many factors, including heating and cooling needs, energy efficiency, humidity control, potential for natural ventilation, adherence to codes and standards, outdoor air quantity and quality, indoor air quality, and cost. Where feasible, use central HVAC air handling units (AHUs) that serve multiple rooms in lieu of unit ventilators or individual heat pumps. Although there are many different types of air handling units, for general IAQ implications in schools, air handling units can be divided into two groups: unit ventilators and individual heat pump units that serve a single room without ducts; and central air handling units that serve several rooms via duct work. Unit ventilators and heat pumps have the advantage of reduced floor space requirements, and they do not recirculate air between rooms. However, it is more difficult to assure proper maintenance of multiple units over time, and they present additional opportunities for moisture problems through the wall penetration and from drain pan and discharge problems. Central air handling units have a number of advantages as compared to unit ventilators and heat pumps serving individual rooms. Features for air handling units: Double-sloped drain pan and drain trap depth Double-sloped drain pan A double-sloped pan prevents water from standing and stagnating in the pan. Non-corroding drain pan Made from stainless steel or plastic. Prevents corrosion that would cause water to leak inside the AHU. Easy access doors All access doors are hinged and use quick release latches that do not require tools to open. Easy access to filters, drain pans, and cooling coils is imperative. Double wall cabinet The inner wall protects the insulation from moisture and mechanical damage, increases sound dampening, and is easier to clean. Tightly sealed cabinet Small yet continuous air leaks in and out of the AHU cabinet can affect IAQ and energy. The greatest pressure differentials driving leaks occur at the AHU. Double wall doors with gaskets Double wall doors provide better thermal and acoustic insulation, and will remain flatter, allowing a better seal against door frame gaskets Minimum 2 inch thick filter slots For better protection of the indoor environment, as well as the equipment and ducts, the filters slots should be able to accommodate 2 in. or thicker filters. Extended surface area filter bank To reduce the frequency of filter maintenance and the cost of fan energy, the bank is designed to allow more filter area, such as the deep V approach or bags. Air filter assemblies (racks housings) designed for minimum leakage The filter bank should have gaskets and sealants at all points where air could easily bypass the air filters, such as between the filter rack and the access door. Use properly gasketed manufacturer supplied filter rack spacers. Air filter monitor A differential pressure gauge to indicate the static pressure drop across the filter bank. This feature could easily be installed as an option in the field. Corrosion resistant dampers links All moving parts such as pivot pins, damper actuators, and linkages are able to withstand weather and moisture-induced corrosion for the full life of the system Location of Outdoor Air Intakes and Exhaust Sloped Intake Plenum and Accessible Intake Screen Proper location of outdoor air intakes can minimize the blockage of airflow and intake of contaminated air. The bottom of air intakes should be at least 8 inches above horizontal surfaces (generally the ground or the roof) to prevent blockage from leaves or snow. In northern locations, more separation may be needed due to greater snow depths or drifting snow. Intakes should not be placed within 25 feet of any potential sources of air contaminants, including sewer vents, exhaust air from the building, loading docks, loading areas, garbage receptacles, boiler or generator exhausts, and mist from cooling towers. If the source is large or contains strong contaminants, or if there is a dominant wind direction in the area, the minimum separation distance may need to be increased. Air admittance valves, an inexpensive and code-approved one-way air valve, can be added to sewer vents to eliminate the potential for release of gases into the surrounding air. Grilles protecting air intakes should be bird- and rodent-proofed to prevent perching, roosting, and nesting. Waste from birds and other pests (e.g., rats) can disrupt proper operation of the HVAC system, promote microbial growth and cause human disease. The use of outdoor air intake grilles with vertical louvers, as opposed to horizontal louvers, will reduce the potential for roosting. Intake Screens must be accessible for inspection and cleaning. In existing buildings, an insufficient amount of ventilation air is often the result of clogged intake screens that are inaccessible for inspection and cleaning. Screens hidden by an intake grille should be designed with a grille that is easily opened, such as a hinged grille with two quick-release latches, or in the worst case, a grille with four one-quarter turn fasteners. All screens should be easily removable for cleaning. Consider adding a section of sloped intake plenum that causes moisture to flow to the outside or to a drain if intake grilles are not designed to completely eliminate the intake of rain or snow. Air Distribution and Duct Insulation Dirt and moisture should not be present in duct systems, and must be controlled to prevent mold growth. However, it is not always possible to assure that ducts remain dirt and moisture free. In many existing buildings, sheet metal ducts, as well as those constructed of or lined with insulation products, are often contaminated with mold because dirt and moisture found their way into the system. Duct board and duct liner are widely used in duct systems because of their excellent acoustic, thermal, and condensation control properties. If the HVAC system is properly designed, fabricated, installed, operated and maintained, these duct systems pose no greater risk of mold growth than duct systems made of sheet metal or any other materials. However, the very properties that make duct board and duct liner superior insulators (e.g., a fibrous structure with large surface area that creates insulating air pockets), also makes them capable of trapping and retaining moisture if they do get wet (though the fibers themselves do not absorb moisture). While there is an ongoing debate about the wisdom of using insulation materials in duct systems that might retain moisture longer, all sides agree that extraordinary attention to preventing moisture contamination of the duct work should be the primary strategy for preventing mold growth. As a secondary strategy, designers should consider methods of reducing the potential for future problems to occur due to unforeseen moisture contamination by investigating insulation products now on the market that minimize the potential for moisture to penetrate the insulation material. These include foil vapor retarders, tightly bonded non-woven vapor retarders, butt or shiplap edges, and other techniques that have been developed by insulation manufacturers to address concerns about moisture. http://www.epa.gov/iaq/schooldesign/hvac.html Water supply Water has the unfortunate quality of being heavier than air. it weighs 62.4 pounds per cubic foot. This mass requires a pressure of 0.433 psi to lift water one foot (62.4 lbs/144 in in ft). To put it another way, one psi will lift water 2.31 feet (1/0.433). In a single story building with 70 psi in the street, this can be insignificant. In a high-rise building, this factor will drive the design of both the hot and cold water systems. First, high and low pressures need to be determined. Plumbing codes usually limit the high water pressure to 80 psi. Using 70 psi will result in more manageable flow rates at the fixtures, reduced water hammer and lower velocities. These characteristics will result in lower operating costs and a longer life of the system. Codes often limit the low water pressure to 20 psi, unless there are fixtures such as flush valves that require greater pressures. Nevertheless, a minimum pressure of 40 psi is recommended for the comfort of the end users. With a pressure differential of 30 psi, a zone can be no more than 69 feet in height (30 ft x2.31 ft/psi). Using a typical floor to floor height, for a hotel, of 11 feet, no more than six floors can be served by a single zone. The next step is to determine the system pressure. The suction pressure can be determined by adding the street pressure and the elevation gain (assuming your booster pump is in the basement). Adding the anticipated losses including friction, elevation and PRV falloff to the minimum pressure results in the system pressure. Subtracting this from the street pressure yields the boost pressure. The manufacturer will also need to account for internal losses in the booster pump system. Booster pumps today can be configured in any number of ways. With advancements in pumping technology, vented roof tanks are a thing of the past. A constant speed pump, carefully calculated, could operate without PRVs. If so, PRVs might be required at the top floor, and shutoff head must be checked. Shutoff head is the system pressure resulting from the demand approaching zero. It can be determined by adding the suction pressure to the pressure indicated on the far left end of the pump curve. In some cases, this pressure can exceed the capacity of the piping system. If PRVs are provided on the pump discharge, problems with shutoff head can be eliminated outside of the booster pump package but must still be checked within the package. A better solution is a variable speed booster pump. By tracking pressure, flow or electrical current, a variable speed booster pump can deliver constant pressure at any flow rate. This provides a more predictable system pressure and saves electricity at t he same time. Regardless of pump type, the lower zones in a high rise will need PRVs. In most cases, for economical reasons, direct acting PRVs are used. A more consistent pressure can be maintained by using two valves piped in parallel (figure 1). The smaller valve may be sized to handle 1/3 of the flow rate at an acceptable falloff pressure. The larger valve is then sized for 2/3 of the flow rate at the same falloff pressure. If the smaller valve is set for 75 psi and the larger valve is set for 70 psi, then under low flow the larger valve will be closed and the smaller, more accurate valve will regulate the pressure. A relief valve is required downstream of the PRVs and will require an indirect waste receptor, which is often overlooked in the design of these stations. In many cases, the lowest of all zones may not require a boost in pressure. If so, a separate branch in the main, prior to the booster pump, could serve several lower floors, saving installation and utility costs. The maximum number of floors that can be served depends on the materials used. The booster pump, valves, piping and appurtenances must all be capable of handling the maximum pressure at the base of the riser. Understanding pressure ratings can get quite involved. Bronze, threaded, class 150 valves are limited to 200 psi at 150 F, while the more expensive class 200 valves are limited to 400 psi. Iron, class 125 valves up to 12 in size are also limited to 200 psi at 150 F, while the more expensive class 250 valves are limited to 500 psi. The correct valves must be specified in the booster pump package and in the piping system, at least for the lower floors. At higher floors, the pressure falls; good practice is to reduce the class of valves when a safe working pressure has been reached. Pressure gauges and other small devices are often overlooked, along with, surprisingly, the piping. The maximum safe working pressure of 6 hard drawn copper tube at 150 F is 376 psi, and the maximum gauge working pressure of the solder joint (assuming 95-5 tin-antimony solder) is 375 psi, but the rated internal working pressure of the fitting is only 213 psi. As such, serving more than 40 floors can be difficult at best. One solution, to add a few more floors, is to use stainless steel pipe. The typical joint working pressure of schedule 10S can be 300 psi and schedule 40S can be 600 psi depending on the couplings used. When serving even taller high rise buildings, a secondary pumping station must be used (figure 2). In this scenario, a lower pump serves the bottom half of the building and also feeds the suction side of the higher pump, which in turn serves the top half of the building. Particular attention must be given to the simultaneous control of these pump sets; a buffer tank may be necessary to maintain a constant suction pressure at the higher tank Alternatively, two lower pumps can be provided, one for the lower fixtures and one to feed the higher pump. This separation of the upper and lower building systems will allow for more independent control over pressures and can be useful for maintenance. In most high rises, the water is pumped up to the PRV stations that are located at the top of the zones. The downstream risers and branch piping then downfeed to the fixtures. This decision, however, can be affected by the type of fixtures and the location of the hot water heater. In an upfeed system, the pressure loss due to friction and the pressure loss due to elevation are additive; the worst case is the top of the system where the pressure is lowest. In a downfeed system, at least for smaller pipe sizes, the friction pressure loss will be somewhat offset by the pressure gain from downfeeding. Also, since the friction loss is greatest at the bottom of the system where the pressure is greatest, smaller branch pipes can be utilized. The result is a more consistent static and dynamic pressure, providing a better experience for the end user. An economic analysis often reveals that the cost of the express riser, the upfeed pipe that has no connections, is less than the savings from the smaller branch piping. It is strongly recommended that the hot and cold water in any building feed in the same direction. Otherwise, the cold water friction losses may be at a minimum where the hot water friction losses are at a maximum. Even with pressure balancing shower valves, a differential pressure of 50% could have disastrous results. If the water heater is on the roof, a downfeed system makes good sense. The design of hot water systems is outside of the scope of this article. Engineers often return this hot water to the central water heater. Doing so can create a system that is very difficult to balance. Even when each zone is protected by a check valve, the pressure from the higher zone will often prevent the lower zones from circulating at all. A better approach is to circulate within each zone (figure 3). A fractional horsepower pump and a small electric tank type heater work well. Five gallons and three to nine kilowatts will handle six floors of almost any footprint since the water is only reheating from 110 F to 120 F. Since the pressure is already reduced, the circulating pump and reheat tank can be placed on any floor. Dont forget about the main hot water riser. It must still be circulated back to the central system to ensure that this large column of water does not get cold overnight. One final issue to consider in both hot and cold water distribution is the ability to purge air from the system. There are manual air vents the best way to purge air from the system is simply to provide horizontal distribution on the floor below the highest floor in each zone. This allows the air to collect in each riser and float to the top, where it is purged every time that a fixture on the top floor is used. This is rarely noticed by the end user unless the fixture is seldom used. http://www.plumbingengineer.com/june_08/highrise_feature.php Drainage Pressure control on the drainage side presents other challenges. water is essentially the same in either system; however, drainage theory holds that considerable air travels downward with the water flow. This theory asserts that water flowing in a vertical pipe tends to adhere to the pipes walls, acting very much like a sleeve of water with a hollow core of air, all sliding down the pipes walls until it reaches a ratio of approximately 6/24 full of the pipe cross-sectional area. This watery sleeve travels at almost 15 feet per second (fps), propelled by gravity but restricted by friction. When the piping remains vertical, the entrained air is relatively simple to control, but when piping offsets from the vertical, the fluid flow velocity drops considerably, filling the entire pipe diameter. Horizontal, sloped drainage piping should flow in the 4-8 fps range, so it is easy to see that a large slug of water can quickly develop. This can lead to compressing air in the path of the fluid and/or lowering air pressure on the leaving side of the fluid flow. The impact of these fluid and air fluctuations can be controlled by effective use of yoke vents, relief vents, and vent connections at the bases of stacks. the solutions are largely not unique and have been used successfully on many intermediate-height and even extremely tall high-rise buildings. A related concern is the impact of the hydraulic jump on the piping itself. The mass of water and the rapid change of velocity from vertical to horizontal cause this jump. While the pressure associated with this jump is significant, it does not destroy the fitting at the base of the stack. Rather, the movement of the pipe stresses the frictional forces that hold the joint to the pipe, leading to eventual coupling failure. Good design must compensate for the strong thrust that occurs at this change of direction. Successful methods include increasing the horizontal drain size and/or slope, using thrust blocks, or using restraining joints with threaded rod or similar arrangements that mechanically anchor the fitting to the entering and leaving piping. Once the water is raised and used, it is discharged to a drainage system that includes an attendant venting system, which is responsible for the flow of air in the drainage piping network. Air is critical to the drainage process because drainage flow is caused by sloping pipes, and the motive force is gravity. Absent air, the drainage would range from erratic to nonexistent. When the water in a pipe flows to a lower area, air must be added to replace the water, or a negative pressure zone will occur. If this zone is near a fixture, air will be drawn into the drainage system through the fixture trap with an easily identified gulping sound and very slow drain performance. This condition leads to poor performance throughout the drainage system and trap seal loss due to siphoning or blowout. The remedy for this condition is venting. At the individual fixture level, this consists of a fixture vent. As the number of fixtures increases, venting needs do as well, and a venting system evolves, with branch, circuit, and loop vents at the appropriate locations. When dealing with high-rise drainage stacks, a vent stack should be attendant, allowing for pressure equalization and re lief along the height and breadth of the system. Aside from relieving pressure in the drainage system, the vent system allows air to circulate in both directions in response to the fluctuating flow in the drainage system. In many high-rise vent designs, where stacks need to offset horizontally on a given floor, a relief vent is required. Although not often highlighted, the building venting system also serves to supplement the vent for the municipal sewer, relieving noxious or even hazardous gases and allowing the sewer to drain without pressure limitation. Fire Protection One area that should not be overlooked in any high-rise design is the fire protection systems. As a minimum, all high-rise buildings should have sprinkler systems on each floor and standpipe systems in each stairwell. These systems have proven themselves throughout the years to significantly save both life and property. The specific type, coverage density, and outlet placement all vary based on the building type, height, and location and local fire authorities. All high-rise buildings containing fire protection systems have large, dedicated fire pumps to provide the flows and pressures required for the individual system. While not always tasked with these system designs, plumbing engineers need to know that these systems are an integral part of the building and must account for their presence regarding equipment space, riser locations, and ceiling cavities. Wet systems in commercial spaces must be designed as a minimum to criteria for Light Hazard (0.10 gpm/sq. ft. over the remote 1,500 sq. ft. of floor area). Sprinkler piping on floors up to the 2nd floor shall be sized for street pressure only. Standpipe systems shall be provided .In particular: a. The standpipe risers shall be interconnected and have isolation valve for each standpipe. b. Two four-way fire department connections shall be provided on separate streets, piped to separate standpipe risers. c. At least one fire department connection shall be piped to the standpipe side of an isolation valve. d. FDCs must be located at an approved location. e. A Fire hydrant must be located within 50ft of the FDC g. Roof and floor remote areas must be within 200 feet of hose travel distance from a protected standpipe hose connection. Standpipe risers shall be combination standpipe/sprinkler risers using a minimum pipe size of 6 inch. One 2-1/2 inch hose connection shall be provided on every intermediate floor level landing in every required stairway and elsewhere as required. Two separate water supplies are required for the sprinkler/standpipe system. One must be a permanent City water main connection and the second must be a dedicated reservoir. http://www.newcomb-boyd.com/pdf/high-rise%20article.pdf

Comparing Willy Loman from Death of a Salesman and Joe Keller from All My Sons

|HUM 102 – 020 | |Considering Willy and Joe | |Research Paper | | | |Kofi Boadi | |March 25, 2010 | Willy Loman from Death of A Salesman and Joe Keller from All My Sons, have similarities in their courses of action which prove detrimental to | |their families and ultimately leads to their suicidal ends. | A person’s ambition causes him to work and continue moving forward with expectations of reaching an ideal end. His ideological idiosyncrasy, however, determines the manner of choices he will make to reach his expected end. These conditions are not different in the case of Willy Loman and Joe Keller. They are men who begin with a drive for success which originates from their expectations of reaching some ideal goals. They make choices based on their ideologies, and hold fast to them throughout their journeys. Nevertheless their courses of action adversely contribute to their reputation and eventually result in suicide. Though they make very sacrificial investments toward their objectives, they remain unachieved. To understand their desires, it is necessary to consider the goals for which these men strive. â€Å"If an effect is intended or desired, or a goal is established and pursued, this suggests that it is  valued. Evaluative standards are derived from goals which, in turn, are based on values. Trisel)† Willy Loman fancies himself as a salesman who works till he’s old, and then stays at home, where he works by means of a telephone. Willy’s ambition is stimulated by an eighty-four year old man whose life he had experienced; he aims at that old man’s life and expects a similar turn out for himself. Willy is also exceedingly enthusiastic about his sons, especially Bi ff, who in his high school years seemed to be very full of potential. He expected only great things for Biff and probably expected to achieve greatness through him. Joe Keller also loves his sons and wants to leave them a heritage. He’s solely determined to work hard and establish a thriving business for his sons to carry on after he’s dead; something significant for which his sons may appreciate him. Similarly these men have goals that are centered on their sons. This shows how valuable their sons are to them. Work Cited Trisel, Brooke Alan. â€Å"Futility and the Meaning of Life Debate. † Sorites 14. 2002: 70-84. SORITES and Brooke Alan Trisel. Web. 10 Mar. 2010.

Essay On Drug Trade - 767 Words

Research Question: How has the internationalization of the drug trade lessened the FARC’s actions towards helping poor Colombian peasants - part of their original mission statements? Primary Sources: Velez , Alvaro Uribe. â€Å"Statement by H.E. Mr. Alvaro Uribe Velez President of the Republic of Colombia at the 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly .† Colombian Mission to the United Nations . 62nd Session of the United Nations General Assembly , 27 Sept. 2007, New York, United Nations. The President of Colombia mentions the humanitarian agreement to free kidnapped people held by FARC terrorists. He touches on the desire of citizens to ride of guerrillas and paramilitary groups. Finally, he elucidates the persisting attacks†¦show more content†¦This source is able to show the human side of these offenses rather than just statistics. This source seems credible as it is concise and biographical over Betancourt’s life. This source can explain the FARC’s offenses in greater detail, therefore showing the severity of the transgressions. Colombian Civil War. World History: The Modern Era, ABC-CLIO, 2017, worldhistory.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/521935. Accessed 14 Sept. 2017. This source is good for tracing the beginnings of the FARC. This source also shows the ideological roots of the FARC: the Cuban revolution and Maoist theories. It also details the main goal of these revolutionary groups: the overthrow of the elite class and the government. Finally, it shows the possibility that the US could become more involved in the future. This source is useful as it details the ideological roots of the FARC, something the other sources fail to do. The goal of this source is to give effective background information on the FARC for an audience that does not know much about this group. This source is most effective for my paper in the introduction. Cunningham, Dan, et al. Brokers and Key Players in the Internationalization of the FARC. Studies in Conflict Terrorism, vol. 36, no. 6, June 2013, pp. 477-502. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/1057610X.2013.784603. This source asserts that the FARC does not uphold its original core values of supporting peasants. This source also demonstrates the scale at whichShow MoreRelated Columbia and Drug Trade Essay4824 Words   |  20 PagesColumbia and Drug Trade Nowadays, when someone thinks of Colombia, they unfortunately almost always think of two things, coffee and cocaine (with its associated guerilla warfare). It is true that during the last 50 years these two products, one legal, and the other not, have been great monetary contributors to the Colombian economy. Coffee is Colombia’s principal agricultural product, and it is also the country’s second largest export. 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For I believe that these are all important matters which will deeply affectRead MoreDrugs, Crime And Public Health : The Political Economy Of Drug Policy1430 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The debate on dru gs is dominated by one, endlessly recurring argument. Should drugs be legal or prohibited?† Throughout the world, the subject of drugs is highly controversial therefore; the policy on drugs does vary from country to country. This essay will take note of the similarities and differences between not only the drug policies but also the public debate on drugs in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. Firstly, the historical context and issues will be put into consideration, followedRead MoreEmbraced by the Needle Essay617 Words   |  3 Pages In his essay â€Å"Embraced by the Needle†, Gabor Matà © sets out the stages of drug addiction and its consequences, its effects bring many torments to people who are vulnerable to drug dependences. At first, he explains the physiological effects of using drugs. Then, he reflects upon different degrees of stress that cause emotional youths are easily involved in substance abuse. Mate is a physician; he lives in Vancouver’s Downtown Eastside which he considers as the drug capital of CanadaRead MoreEssay about Asdfsdfasdfa964 Words   |  4 Pagesurban space such as in cities and neighborhoods is revealed within the film along with the importance of recognizable space. As depicted in the film, immigration and social support can be closely related in terms of a family support network. This essay will discuss these global planning issues with relation to the film and in relation to Sharon Zukin’s article â€Å"Whose Culture? Whose City†. The effects of social networking in urban environments for young adults, like the ones seen in the film, can

Capitalism and Freedom Term Paper - 2518 Words

Term Paper Capitalism and Freedom, written by Milton Friedman, seems to focus significantly on the connections between the economics and politics, and the effect that those have in various aspects of society. This relationship was referred to throughout the book, and the topics Friedman discusses ranged between governmental control of money, to foreign policy and trade and the effect that has on our economy. Through the course of the book, Friedman constantly refers to his â€Å"classical liberal† view, which focuses on the freedoms and power of the individual in society. Friedman shows his support of this view during the book using the idea of a laissez-faire government. For Freidman, government involvement in issues regarding society should†¦show more content†¦I feel that a recent example is the conservative’s shift from pro-life to pro-choice. More people have been leaning toward pro-choice, so the republican platform was altered to appeal to the majority. Government and politics shifted to resemble the views of the nation. In a socialist or communist society, however, the government would take the entire control of these views, and the thoughts of the majority would probably not be heard. This brings me back to the fact that the capitalistic view brings about much more freedom than just what comes in the market, but also within politics. The necessity of appealing to the majority results in competition, which results in the approach to perfection of efficiency and also to bring about â€Å"unanimity without conformity† by letting everyone’s views be heard and a general consensus made about which decision is best for society as a whole. Once this decision is made, Friedman believes that the government should do what they can to uphold what was decided by the nation as a whole. Another focus that Milton Friedman addresses is how economics and politics are very closely related. Some form of democracy is required in order t o have a capitalist system, and according to Friedman, â€Å"a society which is socialist cannot also be democratic.† (pg. 8) On the more extreme side, it would be impossible for a governmentally communist society to have any sort of true fiscal democracy. There would be no wayShow MoreRelatedThe Socialism And Capitalism Of Society1686 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper, we will look at both socialism and capitalism. These are both very broad topics so not every aspect of each will be covered. We will, though, try to achieve a basic understanding of both of the systems. We will see how they differ and how they are similar. The term socialism was brought onto the world scene in the 1830s. 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He believes that you cannot have one without the other, because taking an individualRead MoreCapitalism, Commodification And The Consumer Citizen884 Words   |  4 PagesResponse paper #1: Capitalism, commodification and the consumer citizen The assigned readings offered us the opportunity to study capitalism, its theoretical basis, and its effect of modern societies, while taking into account its domination techniques and worldwide influence. Because cultural studies concern themselves with structures of power it is only logical for theorists like Hall, Boudrillard, Debord, Schor, Pieterse, and Gramsci, to immerse themselves in the dissection of this particularRead MorePersonal Freedom And Capitalism Of The United States1417 Words   |  6 Pages Econ 160 Term Paper Part 1 Ronny Bejar Econ 160 Fall 2014  Introduction. Personal freedom and capitalism go hand-in-hand in America’s rise to economic power. As Friedman (1980) states you cannot have political freedom without economic freedom and by allowing one you provide the opportunity for the other to flourish(p. 2). Early in the history of the United States, the government allowed the market to operate freely and followed The Do Nothing Policy to produce both economic prosperity and freedomRead MoreThe Claims Put Forth By Henry Giroux1603 Words   |  7 PagesIn this paper I will take the claims put forth by Henry Giroux in his recent interview regarding the increasingly negative effects of neoliberalism, and as he calls it casino capitalism, across the world, particularly in the realm of education, and juxtapose them with various Marxist theories, displaying how the latter can be accurately applied in a thorough analysis of the former. 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The Soviet government in the beginning of the war had planned to stand behind the protection of the Iron Curtain in eastern Europe. As discussed in class and in recitation, Soviet leaders planned on waiting out the war as they watched Capitalism spread like a disease through the worldRead MoreKarl Marx s Theory Of Hegemony Theory Essay1518 Words   |  7 Pagessociety as a context for democratic government, the recovery of nineteenth century democratic theory promises a richer understanding of the role of citizens and an understanding of the relationship between democracy and freedom as human development† (Niemi, 2010, p. 41). This paper will discuss about Karl Marx; in regards to class systems, Antonio Gramsci; how studying Marxist thought assisted with his theory of Hegemony Theory. The centre-periphery model will also be discussed. Two texts have been

Media s Influence On Society - 985 Words

In our society, the media play a critical role, they provide us with definitions about who we are as a nation, they reinforce our values and norms and they perpetuate certain ways of seeing the world and the people within the world. The media have provided us with image of prescription and description. They tell us how society sees us and tell us how to behave in society with the help of media hegemony which is â€Å"a condition that occurs when dominant groups in society control the mass media, largely through ownership† (John V. Pavlik). With media hegemony in our media conveys and reinforces negative stereotypes of a group of people. Users online is posting, uploading photos, videos, and commenting without considering how it vilifies other groups or persons. Since images are present around us everywhere we go. Our mind consumes and registers these images without a consent. Whether we want to view these images or not our subconscious uses them to construct our social behavio r. Not only do these mediated images penetrate our minds, but they shape and re-create the world we live in and the way we view it. The danger lies in stereotypes that are integrated into these online photo, video and messages are used to spread hate. This online user is using propaganda which is â€Å"the regular dissemination of a belief, doctrine, cause or information, with the intent to mold public opinion (Pavlik)†to share this belief. However, the liking for freedom of expression has led to appearance ofShow MoreRelatedThe Media s Influence On Society1462 Words   |  6 PagesThe media s the most powerful entity on earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that s power. Because they control the minds of the masses† (Ruddy, 2002). Malcolm X, a prominent African American human rights activist, strongly believed that the media played a vital role in how they make society perceive events and people. An issue that is present, historically and currently, is media contributing to racism. When news is reported involvingRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1454 Words   |  6 PagesThe Media’s Chokehold The media s influence on society is suffocating and undeniable. Body image has become overwhelmingly present in most media today. The front cover of a magazine may critically exclaim â€Å"so-and-so has cellulite† or â€Å"so and so is too thin†. Popular reality stars like Nicole Polizzi (otherwise known as â€Å"Snooki†) have been criticized for being to large and then criticized for being too thin after dropping the weight. The media teaches people to be unsatisfied with their bodiesRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1269 Words   |  6 Pages The media is full of countless things, it has completely changed the world and is now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is impossible to live without the media today. Along with it being persuasive, informational and a great source for entertainment it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240) and though someRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1256 Words   |  6 PagesThe media are full of countless things, they have completely changed the world we live in and are now a part of our everyday lives (Bookman, 64). With television, radio, newspapers, books, etc†¦ working their way into our everyday lives it is almost impossible to live without the media. Along with it being persuasive, informative and a great source for entertainment, it also has a large binding influence on societies all over the world. Media aspects are radically reshaping the world (Marina 240)Read MoreMedia s Influence On Society1293 Words   |  6 PagesMedia is a major contributor of how social groups are perceived in today’s society. Mediais around us every day almost all day, and it constantly sends messages about the world’s environment. There are many indicators shown pertaining to how media really af fects society. One of the most prominent explanations of those questions is the way media influences stereotypes. There has been previous research linking media sources and biased attitudes. This research paper explores articles supporting mediaRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society Essay1250 Words   |  5 Pagescapitalist society the United States has developed a media centered culture. Society has been influenced tremendously by mass media it seems as if it has become a necessity in life. Nine DVDs worth of data per person every day is the amount of all media delivered to consumers whether it be visual or auditorial on a daily basis. As consumers and technology develop that number will continue to increase because of the multi-tasking abilities that will be created (Zverina 13). The hold media has on societyRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1654 Words   |  7 PagesMass media is perhaps the most powerful tool in the world for creating, changing or perpetuating societyâ⠂¬â„¢s ideas about an issue or group of people. It works both blatantly and subconsciously by deciding which issues are important, how to frame those issues, who to show as affected by them, and, increasingly, providing personal commentaries on the matters at hand. Because the majority of media outlets are owned by corporations dominated by white heterosexual men, many minorities are portrayed in waysRead MoreMedia s Influence On Society1475 Words   |  6 PagesMass media has affected our view as a society on social class and what defines one’s social class. Throughout this article called â€Å"Making Class Invisible† by Gregory Mantsios, we evaluate the influence media has on our society and as Mr. Mantsios states how â€Å"media plays a key role in defining our cultural tastes, helping us locate ourselves in history, establishing our national identity, and ascertaining the range of national and social possibilities† (para. 1). Our social class determines wh atRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1560 Words   |  7 Pagesare. How many times have we heard this, yet we live in a society that appears to contradict this very idea. If looks don’t matter then why do women and girls live in a society where their bodies define who they are? If looks don t matter then why is airbrushing used by the media to hide any flaws a person has? What exactly is causing this, why do we feel like we are just not beautiful the way we are? Its the media. It’s because the media promotes a certain body image as being beautiful, and it’sRead MoreThe Media s Influence On Society1416 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"The media s the most powerful entity on Earth. They have the power to make the innocent guilty and to make the guilty innocent, and that s power. Because they control the minds of the [people]† (Malcolm X). The message of this Malcolm X quote is that society can control the mind of the individual. This is true. For many years, society has influenced everyone worldwide both negatively and positively. That is because society has the ability to control the individual’s decisions. They can control

Do Stop and Searches Breach Our Privacy Free Essays

Since it was first introduced, the ‘stop and search’ method of countering crime has sparked a fierce debate as to whether these searches are morally right. Happening almost daily, the practice continues to be very controversial, with many claiming that ‘stop and searches’ breach our right to privacy. In the next couple of paragraphs, I shall attempt to answer the question â€Å"do stop and searches breach our privacy?† and learn a little more about the controversial topic. We will write a custom essay sample on Do Stop and Searches Breach Our Privacy? or any similar topic only for you Order Now Depending on where in the UK one lives, one is likely to be stopped and searched at least once in their life by a police officer – it has become an inevitable fact. When told by an officer that they are going to be searched in public, a person is given a number of key rights and responsibilities. Both the former and the latter are obvious: the right to be told the officer’s name and police station, the right to receive a ‘receipt’ from the officer about the search, the right to not be strip searched in public, and the right to be searched by an officer of the same sex, as well as the responsibility to comply with the police, to not resist or abuse the officers, to take off all garments when asked to (only up to a jacket; never trousers or a shirt), and the responsibility to tell them your name and address. This fairly ordinary occurrence happens all the time, and is, for many, a regular procedure. It may seem like a harmless, if slightly annoying, chore. Unfortunately, when one looks a little deeper into the facts and statistics, there seems to be a racially-motivated reason why some social groups are more searched than others; black people are six times more likely to be stopped and searched than white people, and Asians are twice as likely. Most people are searched under the Police and Criminal Evidence Act, which gives police officers the permission to perform the act randomly with anybody they suspect of carrying drugs or concealed weapons. The stubbornly high levels are shocking as it would seem that, according to members of the police force, people from ethnic minority groups are more likely to carry illegal drugs or items. This prejudice has led to more fierce debate and is, quite simply, unfair. Many people attack ‘stop and searches’ due to this fact, claiming that this racially-motivated trend is ridiculously cruel, and out-dated for modern western society. Another argument against the ‘stop and search’ procedure is one that criticises the lack of evidence that proves that ethnic minorities are more likely to be involved in crime; it is simply not justifiable for officers to base their ‘reasonable suspicion’ on personal beliefs. A final argument is the low reduction of crime caused by the search, with crime rates dropping by only 0.2%. On the other hand, many claim that it is a necessary way to prevent crime, and is justifiable as an officer should know who is more likely to commit offenses. Some also believe that due to the large amount of crime possibly prevented by ‘stop and searches’ (in 2009 14,700 people were arrested and 7,500 knives were recovered) the whole thing has helped to make society a safer place. In conclusion, it seems clear that the ‘stop and search’ method is wrong and has little impact on criminals, and despite the amount of crime prevented, the whole procedure is unnecessary, unfair, bullying, and inefficient. How to cite Do Stop and Searches Breach Our Privacy?, Papers

Research Methods Management and Business Consultancy

Question: Discuss about the Research Methods for Management and Business Consultancy. Answer: Introduction The present proposal is developed for analysing research Topic Role of HR in employee relations. The research proposal has outlined a brie literature review, research question, research methodology, data analysis technique and resrch outcome in brief. Research Topic and its Business Significance The present research is about the topic Role of Human Resources (HR) in maintaining employee relations. The selected research topic holds high significance as it will help in developing an understanding of the importance of human resource management in business organizations for motivating and retaining employees. The development of healthy relationship between employees and management is essential for the long-term growth and development of a company. In this context, the role of Human Resource Department (HRD) is very important for maintaining effective human resource strategies to maintain good employee relations. Employee relation programs emphasises on issues that impacts employees such as compensation, healthy work environment and good working conditions. The human resource strategies can be described as the methods adopted by business corporations that help them to achieve a competitive position in the marketplace. The human resource managers must develop effective strategies that provide proper guidance and motivation to the employees to achieve organisational aims and objectives (Wiley et al., 2015). Brief Literature Review As per the views and opinions of (Jeston and Nelis, 2014) employee relations refer to the relationship between an employee and the employers that develops the working environment of an organisation. The development of good relations with employees is essential for business organisations for ensuring their long-term growth and development. The implementation of effective programs for maintaining employee relations is essential for businesses to provide fair treatment to all the employees for enhancing their job performance. The maintenance of good employee relations is the part of human resource strategy of an organisation. Human resource department (HRD) of an organisation carries out the responsibility of promoting co-ordination and integration between employees and employers. The strategies are developed by human resource managers that aim at achieving employee satisfaction through providing healthy working environment to the employees (Jeston and Nelis, 2014). Wiley et al (2015) stated that human resource strategies developed should place high value on employees as stakeholders of business organisations. Stakeholders of an organisation include all the people that are directly or indirectly impacted by the operational activities of an organisation. As such, it is very essential for a business firm to implement proper strategies that promotes transparency in its operational activities for achieving the trust of stakeholders. Thus, the role of human resource department of an organisation is very important in this context to adopt adequate program that treat employees as stakeholders. This is essential for providing proper motivation to the employees for improving their job performance and thus increasing the organisational productivity (Wiley et al, 2015). According to Miller (2011), human resource managers develop the rules and procedures that the employees should comply for conducting their daily job role. Business also appoints their employee representatives that work in human resource department for ensuring that rules and policies developed are consistently followed by all the employees. They also hold the responsibility of resolving the employee problems through providing them proper mentoring and counselling. The human resource managers also have the responsibility of maintain proper communication flow within the organisation in order to ensure harmonious relationship between employees and employers. All the critical decisions should be communicated properly to all the employees through email announcements, newsletters, employee portals and regular office meetings. Also, the HR managers must develop sound policies to involve employees at all the managerial levels in the decision-making process of an organisation. In addition to this, human resource managers must ensure that there should be proper measures for addressing the grievances of employees in order to address all their concerns properly (Miller, 2011). As per the opinions of Armstrong and Stephens (2005), the employee satisfaction results in increasing the productivity of employees and thus ensuring the long-term growth and development of an organisation. Human resources managers must allow develop and implement effective employee retention programs in order to retain the employees. Retaining of employees is highly essential for a business organisation to enhance its profitability and to keep the business functioning smoothly. Employer and employee relationships should be long-lasting to increase the profitability of organisation. The employee turnover should be low as more number of employees leaving increase the cost of an organisation involves in hiring and selection of employees. Thus, human resource managers must develop sound policies that retain employees and thus ensure the development of healthy relationship between employer and employees (Armstrong and Stephens, 2005). Research questions for the identified problem or opportunity The research study will aim to achieve the answer for the following research question What is the role of Human Resources (HR) in an organisation for managing employee relations? Also, the research study will address the following sub-research questions: What are the main employee programs implemented by business organisations for increasing employee motivation? What are the different human resource strategies adopted by HR for enhancing employee job performance? How healthy relationship between employers and employees increases organisational growth and development? Appropriate research methodologies and techniques to use for the research project Research methodology describes the overall procedure that is used for carrying out the overall research. It is a very important section of a research that provides a direction for carrying out the overall research process to the researcher. In this context, the present research study will adopt qualitative research methodology for developing a specific answer for the research problem in context (Crowther Lancaster, 2008). Qualitative research method includes collecting and analysing the information from primary as well as secondary sources. Primary data usually includes the information that is collected for the first time for carrying out the research process. On the other hand, secondary data usually includes relevant literary sources that already have sufficient information about the research topic in context. Secondary information is usually collected for supporting ten findings obtained from primary data. As such, the research will incorporate the sue of exploratory research des ign as it involves exploring the research topic in detail through the use of practical as well as theoretical sources of information. In addition to this, the research study will also use deductive research approach for developing a specific answer for the research question. Deductive research approach is selected as it is top-down approach that involves moving from a general topic to a more specific one (Denzin and Lincoln, 2000). Project plan using a Gantt chart clearly defining milestones Research objectives Time Scale Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4 Week 5 Week 6 Week 7 to 8 Week 9 to 11 Week 12 to 14 1 Defining Research Aims and Objectives 2 Preparation of questionnaire 3 Collection of information through conduction the survey 4 Collecting information from the secondary sources of data 5 Completion of Literature Review 6 Application of Research Methodologies 7 Completion of data analysis section 8 Recommendation and overall opinion (Final Submission) Description of the research process The various steps in the overall research process that will be used for conducting the research study is as follows: This covers the first chapter of the research study that includes defining the research problem and specifying its aims and objectives. In addition to this, this chapter of the research study will also provide background information about the research topic. This is the second chapter of the research study that involves analysing and examining the secondary literary sources that collects wide information about the research topic. This includes selection of the relevant literary sources that will be used for gaining the relevant facts that are already found out by the academic researchers. This involves defining the research method that will be used for conducting the overall research study. This chapter of the research study provides necessary details about the graphical technique that will be used for analysing the information collected through primary research method. It also involves supporting the findings obtained from primary research process with the facts obtained from analysing secondary sources of information. This is the last chapter of the research study that involves summarises the overall findings obtained from the research study. At last, recommendations are provided about the researches that can be conducted in the future in this context. Data Collection and Analysis Methods The present research involves collection of both primary and secondary data for achieving an accurate answer for the research problem. The present research will involve the use of questionnaire survey method for collecting primary data. The questionnaire developed will consist of both open and close-ended question that will help in developing appropriate knowledge regarding the nature of the research problem. The questionnaire developed will be presented to the different HR managers in various organisations for analysing the role of human resources in maintaining the employee relations. The primary data collected will be analysed through the implementation of graphical technique. The response of the participants of the survey will be depicted through the use of pie-chats that will help the readers to easily gain an understanding of their views and opinions. The responses obtained from the participants of the research process are maintaining confidentiality of the information to limit their access by any third party for unethical purpose (Hendricks, 2011). The main advantage of using questionnaire survey method is that it will help in acquiring sufficient information about each research topic in detail. However, the major limitation of this method is that it is highly time-consuming and thus can increase the time required for the completion of the overall research study (Jackson, 2008). Secondary source of information would be collected from the literary sources such as books, journals that include the work of previous researchers about the research topic. The secondary information will be collected in order to support the findings obtained from the primary data. The major advantage of this method is that it is less time-consuming as compared to primary survey method (Gliner Morgan, 2000). Description of expected research outcomes The present research will help in increasing the knowledge of the readers about the various roles that are played by a human resource manager in managing employee relations. It will also help in depicting the various strategies that can be implemented by the human resource manager for developing good and healthy relations between employer and employees. The significance of good working environment is enhancing the organisational profitability will also be analysed and discussed in the research study. The research study will provide insight to the readers about the necessity of achieving employee satisfaction by human resource manager in order to achieve organisational aims and objectives. References Armstrong, M. and Stephens, T. 2005. A handbook of management and leadership: A guide to managing for results. Kogan Page Publishers. Crowther, D. Lancaster, G. 2008. Research Methods: A Concise Introduction to Research in Management and Business Consultancy. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. Denzin, N. and Lincoln, Y. 2000. A Handbook of Qualitative Research. London: Sage. Gliner, J.A. Morgan, G.A. 2000. Research Methods in Applied Settings: An Integrated Approach to Design and Analysis. New Jersey: Routledge. Hendricks, D.W. 2011. Analyzing Quantitative Data: An Introduction for Social Researchers. John Wiley Sons. Jackson, S.L. 2008. Research Methods: A Modular Approach. Cengage Learning. Jeston, J. and Nelis, J. 2014. Business process management. Routledge. Miller, K. 2011. Organizational communication: Approaches and processes. Cengage Learning. Wiley, et al. 2015. Fundamentals of Human Resource Management. John Wiley Sons.